Its cognates include the Hebrew qehe(h) ('dulling') and the Aramaic qahey ('give acrid taste to'). Semitic languages had the root qhh, 'dark color', which became a natural designation for the beverage. The word qahwah most likely meant 'the dark one', referring to the brew or the bean qahwah is not the name of the bean, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in Cushitic languages as būn. Medieval Arab lexicographers traditionally held that the etymology of qahwah meant ' wine', given its distinctly dark color, and derived from the verb qahiya ( قَهِيَ), ' to have no appetite'. The word coffee entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie, borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve ( قهوه), borrowed in turn from the Arabic qahwah ( قَهْوَة). Green coffee describes the beans before roasting. Critics of the coffee industry have also pointed to its negative impact on the environment and the clearing of land for coffee-growing and water use. Despite sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars worldwide, farmers producing coffee beans disproportionately live in poverty. Green, unroasted coffee is traded as an agricultural commodity. As of 2018, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world's total. Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are C. arabica and C. robusta. In the 20th century, coffee became a global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. By the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe. The Yemenis procured the coffee beans from the Ethiopian Highlands and began cultivation. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen from the mid-15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often added to mask the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. The beans are roasted and then ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. Seeds of the Coffea plant's fruits are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans. It has the highest sales in the world market for hot drinks. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. Kingdom of Kaffa, (in modern-day Ethiopia) Ĭoffee is a beverage prepared from roasted coffee beans.
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